The Achilles tendon is the longest and strongest tendon in the human body. Its function is to transmit the force created by muscle to the bone, to make joint movement possible.

Tendinopathy is a broad clinical term used to describe painful conditions in and around tendons in response to overuse. Achilles tendinopathy is a major cause of prolonged pain and disability affecting both recreational and professional sports participants, in sports involving running or jumping.

Historically, tendon-related injury has been referred to as ‘tendonitis’ (‘itis’= inflammation), however evidence suggests there are no signs of a classic, inflammatory response occurring; rather as a result of collagen degeneration within the tendon, referred to as ‘tendinosis’.

As mentioned, tendinopathies often occur as a result of overuse. Progression of load/activity, particularly after low load periods (as a result of injury, illness, or holidays) is also what we commonly see in athletes, for example in returning from off-season or injury.

There are numerous additional risk factors that can predispose somebody to Achilles tendinopathy and can affect their capacity to heal. Some include:

• Age: 30-55 years
• Gender: Males are more likely to develop Achilles tendinopathy. Further studies have shown that hormone replacement therapy preserves Achilles tendon structure in post-menopausal women
• High body composition/BMI
• Systemic diseases such as Diabetes and high cholesterol
• Reduced calf strength
• Particular antibiotic use
• Genetics
• Training errors e.g. the volume and frequency of sessions
• Biomechanical errors e.g. running technique, reduced core stability

Symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy include:

• Pain localized to the Achilles tendon. You should be able pinpoint pain with 1 finger
• Pain aggravated by high tendon loading activities e.g. running, jumping
• Pain often “warms up” with activity
• Morning pain and stiffness, particularly the day after aggravating activities
• Possible swelling

Correct clinical diagnosis is critical in the management of Achilles tendinopathy, as there are other structures around the tendon that may mimic similar symptoms. Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging is proven to be poorly correlated with tendon pain, as pain can occur with or without tendon degeneration found on imaging and vice versa.

Physiotherapy treatment involves:

• Load management is KEY!
• Exercise prescription focussing on mainly calf and core strengthening
• Manual therapy
• Education
• Footwear advice
• Use of heel raises
• Icing
• Anti-inflammatories (Ibuprofen) in some cases
• Running assessments, and altering running technique if necessary
• Addressing other modifiable risk factors as discussed
• Caution must be taken with excessive stretching, depending on the location of your tendon pain, as in some instances it can often worsen your symptoms.

There is limited evidence to suggest any benefit of medical interventions such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, cortisone, stem cell, sclerosing and prolotherapy injections in Achilles tendinopathy. However, there is known long-term benefit of GTN (nitric oxide) patches.

-Diana